Antinociceptive properties of new coumarin derivatives bearing substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzothiazines
https://doi.org/10.1186/2008-2231-22-9
© Alipour et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014
Received: 19 May 2013
Accepted: 28 August 2013
Published: 7 January 2014
Abstract
Background
Coumarins are an important class of widely distributed heterocyclic natural products exhibiting a broad pharmacological profile. In this work, a new series of coumarins bearing substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzothiazines were described as potential analgesic agents. The clinical use of NSAIDs as traditional analgesics is associated with side effects such as gastrointestinal lesions and nephrotoxicity. Therefore, the discovery of new safer drugs represents a challenging goal for such a research area.
Results
The target compounds 3-(3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]thiazin-3-yl)-2H-chromen-2-ones 2a-u were synthesized and characterized by spectral data. The antinociceptive properties of target compounds were determined by formalin-induced test and acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. Among the tested compounds, compound 2u bearing 2-(4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl)- moiety on benzothiazine ring and 4-(methylsulfonyl)phenacyloxy- group on the 7 position of coumarin nucleus showed better profile of antinocecieption in both models. It was more effective than mefenamic acid during the late phase of formalin-induced test as well as in the acetic acid-induced writhing test.
Conclusion
Considering the significant antinoceciptive action of phenacyloxycoumarin derivatives, compound 2u prototype might be further used as model to obtain new more potent analgesic drugs.
Keywords
Introduction
Pain is an uncomfortable sensation that alerts the human organs about a current or potential damage to tissues[1]. It has been accepted that pain can widely affect human life quality, and its management is considered as a main challenge in pharmacotherapy[2]. NSAIDs are one of major classes of traditional analgesics for treatment of pain. The clinical use of NSAIDs is associated with side effects such as gastrointestinal lesions and nephrotoxicity[3]. Therefore, the discovery of new safer drugs represents a challenging goal for such a research area.
Coumarins are an important class of widely distributed heterocyclic natural products exhibiting a broad pharmacological profile[4]. Several coumarin derivatives have been synthesized with diverse biological activities[5–9] especially analgesic/anti-inflammatory activity[10–13]. Recently, the synthesis and anti-inflammatory/analgesic activities of several coumarin derivatives with various substitutions on 3-position of coumarin nucleus have been reported[14–16]. On the other hand, benzothiazine derivatives are also important heterocyclic compounds with wide spectrum of biological activities[17, 18]. In view of the above facts and in continuation of our research program on the synthesis of biologically active heterocyclic compounds[19, 20], we introduced herein the new coumarin derivatives bearing substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzothiazines as analgesic agents. The antinociceptive properties of target compounds were determined by formalin-induced paw licking test and acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. Indeed, the formalin-induced paw licking method is used to investigate both peripheral and central mechanisms whereas the acetic acid test is believed to demonstrate the involvement of peripheral mechanisms in the control of pain[21, 22].
Materials and methods
Chemistry
Synthesis of coumarin based dihydrobenzothiazines 2a-u. Reagents and conditions: (a) phenacyl halide (1.2 mmol), KF/Al2O3 (0.7 g), quinine hydrochloride (10 mol%), EtOH (3 mL), r.t. (b) phenacyl halide (2.5 mmol), KF/Al2O3 (1.5 g), quinine hydrochloride (10 mol%), EtOH (3 mL), r.t.
General procedure for the synthesis of compounds 2
A suspension of dihydrobenzothiazole derivatives 1 (1.0 mmol), KF/Al2O3 (0.7 g), and quinine hydrochloride (10 mol%) in ethanol (3.0 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 5 min. Then, appropriate phenacyl halide (1.2 mmol) was added to the mixture and stirring was continued. After completion of the reaction (3–5 h), the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with ethyl acetate (5 mL) and the catalyst was filtered and washed with ethyl acetate (3 × 5 mL). After evaporation of the solvent at reduced pressure, the crude product was purified by column chromatography (n-hexane/ethyl acetate, 9:1) and crystallized from ethanol for further purification.
3-(2-(3,4-Dichlorobenzoyl)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b] [1,4]thiazin-3-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one (2e)
Yellow solid (361 mg, 75%); syn-isomer; mp 91–93°C; IR (KBr, cm-1) 3382 (NH), 1708 (C=O); 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.94 (s, 3H, CH3 benzothiazine), 4.49 (s, 1H, NH), 5.77 (s, 1H, C-H benzothiazine), 6.75 (dt, J = 7.2 and 1.2 Hz, 1H, H7 benzothiazine), 6.95 (m, 2H, H5,8 benzothiazine), 7.14 (dt, J = 7.2 and 1.2 Hz, 1H, H6 benzothiazine), 7.22 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, H6 chromene), 7.28 (dd, J = 8.0 and 1.9 Hz, 1H, H5 benzoyl), 7.33 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, H6 benzoyl), 7.40 (m, 2H, H5,8 chromene), 7.43 (d, J = 1.9, 1H, H3 benzoyl), 7.49 (dt, J = 8.0 and 1.2 Hz, 1H, H7 chromene), 7.77 (s, 1H, H4 chromene); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 24.3, 42.9, 58.0, 110.9, 116.1, 117.1, 119.1, 119.3, 124.3, 127.0, 127.1, 128.4, 128.7, 130.1, 130.8, 131.2, 131.4, 132.0, 136.9, 137.1, 139.8, 141.0, 153.2, 160.9, 192.6; Anal. calcd for C25H17Cl2NO3S: C, 62.25; H, 3.55; N, 2.90. Found: C, 62.41; H, 3.67; N, 3.15.
3-(2-(4-Fluorobenzoyl)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b] [1,4]thiazin-3-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one (2j)
Yellow solid (336 mg, 78%); syn-isomer; mp 161–163°C; IR (KBr, cm-1) 3413 (NH), 1708 (C=O); 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.76 (s, 3H, CH3 benzothiazine), 4.50 (s, 1H, NH), 5.97 (s, 1H, C-H benzothiazine), 6.73 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H, H7 benzothiazine), 6.93 (m, 2H, H5,6 benzothiazine), 7.14 (m, 3H, H8 benzothiazine and H3,5 benzoyl), 7.28 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H, H6 chromene), 7.35 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H, H8 chromene), 7.40 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H, H5 chromene), 7.50 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H, H7 chromene), 7.79 (s, 1H, H4 chromene), 8.05 (m, 2H, H2,6 benzoyl); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 24.6, 37.5, 57.6, 111.9, 115.7, 115.9, 116.1, 119.1, 119.4, 124.4, 126.7, 128.4, 128.5, 131.2, 131.3, 131.5, 133.2, 139.5, 141.1, 153.3, 161.3, 164.7, 166.7, 191.3; Anal. calcd for C25H18FNO3S: C, 69.59; H, 4.20; N, 3.25. Found: C, 69.42; H, 4.03; N, 3.47.
3-(3-Methyl-2-(thiophene-2-carbonyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]thiazin-3-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one (2k)
Yellow solid (356 mg, 85%); as mixture of diastereomers (anti/syn: 15/ 85); IR (KBr, cm-1) 3389 (NH), 1707 (C=O); 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.77syn (s, CH3 benzothiazine), 1.87anti (s, CH3 benzothiazine), 4.48syn (s, NH), 4.53anti (s, NH), 5.50anti (s, C-H benzothiazine), 5.87syn (s, C-H benzothiazine), 6.77syn (t, J = 8.0, H7 benzothiazine), 6.81anti (t, J = 8.0, H7 benzothiazine), 6.92anti (d, J = 8.0 Hz, H5 benzothiazine), 6.95syn (d, J = 8.0 Hz, H5 benzothiazine), 7.07-7.10anti (m, H6,8 benzothiazine), 7.10-7.13syn (m, H6,8 benzothiazine), 7.20syn (t, J = 7.6 Hz, H7 chromene), 7.25syn (t, J = 7.6 Hz, H6 chromene), 7.25-7.29anti (m, H4 thiophene and H7 chromene), 7.38syn (d, J = 7.6 Hz, H5 chromene), 7.42syn (d, J = 7.6 Hz, H8 chromene), 7.48-7.54 (m, H5,7,8 chromene (anti) and H4 thiophene (syn)), 7.56anti (d, J = 4.0, H3 thiophene), 7.74syn (d, J = 4.0, H3 thiophene), 7.79anti (d, J = 4.0, H5 thiophene), 7.80syn (s, H4 chromene), 7.97syn (d, J = 4.0, H5 thiophene), 8.15anti (s, H4 chromene); 13C NMR (syn-isomer, 125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 27.5, 45.3, 54.2, 116.1, 117.0, 118.6, 119.0, 120.1, 124.5, 126.2, 127.1, 128.2, 128.4, 131.4, 131.7, 132.2, 134.4, 140.2, 140.9, 143.5, 153.1, 160.1, 186.8; Anal. calcd for C23H17NO3S2: C, 65.85; H, 4.08; N, 3.34. Found: C, 65.92; H, 3.91; N, 3.29.
3-(2-(5-Bromothiophene-2-carbonyl)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]thiazin-3-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one (2l)
Yellow solid (378 mg, 77%); as mixture of diastereomers (anti/syn: 26/ 74); IR (KBr, cm-1) 3390 (NH), 1712 (C=O); 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.75syn (s, CH3 benzothiazine), 1.87anti (s, CH3 benzothiazine), 4.45syn (s, NH), 4.55anti (s, NH), 5.48anti (s, C-H benzothiazine), 5.78syn (s, C-H benzothiazine), 6.76syn (t, J = 8.0, H7 benzothiazine), 6.81anti (t, J = 8.0, H7 benzothiazine), 6.92syn (d, J = 8.0 Hz, H5 benzothiazine), 6.94anti (d, J = 8.0 Hz, H5 benzothiazine), 6.92anti (d, J = 8.0 Hz, H8 benzothiazine), 6.96syn (d, J = 8.0 Hz, H8 benzothiazine), 7.09anti (t, J = 8.0 Hz, H6 benzothiazine), 7.12syn (t, J = 8.0 Hz, H6 benzothiazine), 7.16syn (d, J = 4.0 Hz, H4 thiophene), 7.23anti (d, J = 4.0 Hz, H4 thiophene), 7.24syn (t, J = 7.5, H6 chromene), 7.27-7.29anti (m, H6,8 chromene), 7.36syn (d, J = 7.5 Hz, H8 chromene), 7.40syn (d, J = 7.5 Hz, H5 chromene), 7.50 syn (t, J = 7.5 Hz, H7 chromene), 7.51-7.53anti (m, H5,7 chromene), 7.56anti (d, J = 4.0 Hz, H3 thiophene), 7.69syn (d, J = 4.0 Hz, H3 thiophene), 7.77syn (s, H4 chromene), 8.15anti (s, H4 chromene); 13C NMR (syn-isomer, 125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 24.8, 38.7, 57.4, 112.3, 116.1, 116.9, 119.1, 119.5, 123.6, 124.4, 126.6, 128.1, 128.4, 130.8, 131.5, 131.6, 132.4, 139.2, 141.0, 145.9, 153.3, 161.2, 185.6; MS, m/z (%) 499 ([M + 2]+, 40%), 497 (M+, 37), 375 (47), 373 (44), 308 (100), 294 (51), 280 (84); Anal. calcd for C23H16BrNO3S2: C, 55.43; H, 3.24; N, 2.81 Found: C, 55.22; H, 3.47; N, 2.73.
3-(3-Methyl-2-(thiophene-3-carbonyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]thiazin-3-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one (2m)
Yellow solid (335 mg, 80%); as mixture of diastereomers (anti/syn: 32/ 68); IR (KBr, cm-1) 3374 (NH), 1708 (C=O); 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.77syn (s, CH3 benzothiazine), 1.87anti (s, CH3 benzothiazine), 4.50anti (s, NH), 4.55syn (s, NH), 5.48anti (s, C-H benzothiazine), 5.81syn (s, C-H benzothiazine), 6.74syn (t, J = 7.5, H7 benzothiazine), 6.80anti (t, J = 7.5, H7 benzothiazine), 6.93anti (d, J = 7.5 Hz, H5 benzothiazine), 6.97syn (d, J = 7.5 Hz, H5 benzothiazine), 7.08anti (d, J = 7.5 Hz, H8 benzothiazine), 7.12syn (t, J = 7.5 Hz, H6 benzothiazine), 7.13syn (t, J = 7.2 Hz, H6 chromene), 7.24-7.25syn (m, H8 benzothiazine and H8 chromene), 7.26-7.29anti (m, H6 benzothiazine and H6,8 chromene), 7.35-7.37syn (m, H4 thiophene and H5,7 chromene), 7.37-7.40anti (m, H6 chromene and H4 thiophene), 7.50-7.53anti (m, H7 chromene and H5 thiophene), 7.58syn (d, J = 5.0 Hz, H5 thiophene), 7.79anti (s, H2 thiophene), 8.04syn (s, H2 thiophene), 8.14anti (s, H4 chromene), 8.25syn (s, H4 chromene); 13C NMR (syn-isomer, 125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 27.8, 45.7, 54.4, 116.1, 116.8, 119.1, 119.9, 124.6, 126.3, 126.5, 127.3, 128.2, 128.4, 130.6, 131.5, 131.7, 132.6, 140.0, 140.2, 141.2, 153.1, 160.2, 187.7; MS, m/z (%) 419 (M+, 68%), 404 (12), 386 (12), 308 (97), 295 (100), 280 (64), 111 (63); Anal. calcd for C23H17NO3S2: C, 65.85; H, 4.08; N, 3.34. Found: C, 65.98; H, 3.82; N, 3.60.
8-Methoxy-3-(3-methyl-2-(4-methylbenzoyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]thiazin-3-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one (2n)
Yellow solid (343 mg, 75%); syn-isomer; mp 145–147°C; IR (KBr, cm-1) 3360 (NH), 1700 (C=O); 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.77 (s, 3H, CH3 benzothiazine), 2.43 (s, 3H, CH3 benzoyl), 3.90 (s, 3H, O-CH3 chromene), 4.52 (s, 1H, NH), 6.00 (s, 1H, C-H benzothiazine), 6.78 (dt, J = 7.5 and 1.3 Hz, 1H, H7 benzothiazine), 6.93 (dd, J = 8.0 and 1.3 Hz, 1H, H7 chromene), 7.02-7.11 (m, 4H, H5,6,8 benzothiazine and H6 chromene), 7.18 (m, 3H, H5 chromene and H3,5 benzoyl), 7.74 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H, H2,6 benzoyl), 8.13 (s, 1H, H4 chromene); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 21.6, 27.9, 43.6, 54.6, 56.1, 113.3, 114.8, 118.9, 119.4, 119.7, 119.9, 124.3, 126.3, 127.4, 128.5, 129.3, 131.1, 133.7, 140.0, 140.2, 142.8, 143.8, 146.7, 159.5, 192.9 cm-1; Anal. calcd for C27H23NO4S: C, 70.88; H, 5.07; N, 3.06. Found: C, 70.64; H, 5.23; N, 3.22.
3-(2-(4-Fluorobenzoyl)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]thiazin-3-yl)-8-methoxy-2H-chromen-2-one (2o)
Yellow solid (323 mg, 70%); syn-isomer; mp 236–238°C; IR (KBr, cm-1) 3398 (NH), 1690 (C=O); 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.78 (s, 3H, CH3 benzothiazine), 3.98 (s, 3H, O-CH3 chromene), 4.51 (s, 1H, NH), 5.98 (s, 1H, C-H benzothiazine), 6.74 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H, H7 benzothiazine), 6.93 (m, 2H, H5,6 benzothiazine), 6.98 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, H7 chromene), 7.05 (m, 2H, H5,6 chromene), 7.16 (m, 3H, H8 benzothiazine and H3,5 benzoyl), 7.77 (s, 1H, H4 chromene), 8.05 (m, 2H, H2,6 benzoyl); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 24.5, 37.4, 56.3, 57.6, 111.9, 113.3, 115.7, 115.9, 116.9, 119.3, 119.8, 124.2, 126.7, 128.4, 131.2, 131.3, 131.4, 133.1, 139.5, 141.2, 146.8, 160.7, 164.7, 166.7, 191.2; Anal. calcd for C26H20FNO4S: C, 67.67; H, 4.37; N, 3.04. Found: C, 67.43; H, 4.18; N, 3.25.
3-(2-(4-Bromobenzoyl)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]thiazin-3-yl)-7-(2-(4-bromophenyl)-2-oxoethoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (2s)
Yellow solid (507 mg, 72%); as mixture of diasteromers (anti/syn: 18/82); IR (KBr, cm-1) 3382 (NH), 1697 (C=O); 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.74syn (s, CH3 benzothiazine), 1.85anti (s, CH3 benzothiazine), 4.48anti (s, NH), 4.51syn (s, NH), 5.29anti (s, O-CH2), 5.31syn (s, O-CH2), 5.60anti (s, C-H benzothiazine), 5.91syn (s, C-H benzothiazine), 6.71anti (t, J = 7.5, H7 benzothiazine), 6.73syn (t, J = 7.5, H7 benzothiazine), 6.80anti (s, H8 chromene), 6.82syn (s, H8 chromene), 6.87syn (d, J = 8.5 Hz, H6 chromene), 6.90anti (d, J = 8.5 Hz, H6 chromene), 6.93syn (d, J = 8.0 Hz, H3,5 phenyl-2-oxoethoxy), 7.05anti (d, J = 8.0 Hz, H3,5 phenyl-2-oxoethoxy), 7.07anti (t, J = 7.5 Hz, H6 benzothiazine), 7.12syn (t, J = 7.5 Hz, H6 benzothiazine), 7.33syn (d, J = 8.5, H5 chromene), 7.44anti (d, J = 8.5, H5 chromene), 7.52anti (d, J = 8.5, H3,5 benzoyl), 7.63syn (d, J = 8.0 Hz, H3,5 benzoyl), 7.64-7.67anti (m, H5,8 benzothiazine), 7.68syn (m, H5,8 benzothiazine), 7.72syn (s, H4 chromene), 7.82-7.85anti (m, H2,6 benzoyl and H2,6 phenyl-2-oxoethoxy), 7.85-7.89syn (m, H2,6 benzoyl and H2,6 phenyl-2-oxoethoxy), 8.06anti (s, H4 chromene); 13C NMR (syn-isomer, 125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 24.5, 37.6, 57.4, 70.6, 101.1, 111.8, 112.9, 116.9, 118.7, 119.3, 126.7, 128.3, 128.4, 129.5, 129.6, 129.9, 130.0, 131.9, 132.0, 132.3, 132.8, 135.5, 139.6, 140.9, 154.7, 160.6, 161.3, 191.6, 192.4; Anal. calcd for C33H23Br2NO5S: C, 56.19; H, 3.29; N, 1.99. Found: C, 56.21; H, 4.31; N, 2.09.
3-(3-Methyl-2-(4-methylbenzoyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]thiazin-3-yl)-7-(2-oxo-2-p-tolylethoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (2t)
Yellow solid (397 mg, 70%); as mixture of diastereomers (anti/syn: 30/70); IR (KBr, cm-1) 3397 (NH), 1702 (C=O); 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.74syn (s, CH3 benzothiazine), 1.85anti (s, CH3 benzothiazine), 2.36anti (s, CH3 phenyl-2-oxoethoxy), 2.42syn (s, CH3 phenyl-2-oxoethoxy), 2.44anti (s, CH3 benzoyl), 2.45syn (s, CH3 benzoyl), 4.50syn (s, NH), 4.61anti (s, NH), 5.31anti (s, O-CH2), 5.35syn (s, O-CH2), 5.61anti (s, C-H benzothiazine), 5.96syn (s, C-H benzothiazine), 6.69anti (d, J = 2.1 Hz, H8 chromene), 6.72syn (t, J = 7.3 Hz, H7 benzothiazine), 6.75anti (t, J = 7.3 Hz, H7 benzothiazine), 6.81syn (d, J = 2.1 Hz, H8 chromene), 6.87syn (dd, J = 8.0 and 2.1 Hz, H6 chromene), 6.90-6.93syn/anti (m, H5,8 benzothiazine), 7.05anti (t, J = 7.3 Hz, H6 benzothiazine), 7.11syn (t, J = 7.3 Hz, H6 benzothiazine), 7.17anti (d, J = 8.0 Hz, H3,5 phenyl-2-oxoethoxy), 7.28-7.33 (m, H5 chromene (syn/anti), H3,5 benzoyl (syn/anti) and H3,5 phenyl-2-oxoethoxy (syn)), 7.34anti (d, J = 8.0 Hz, H2,6 phenyl-2-oxoethoxy), 7.73syn (s, H4 chromene), 7.79anti (d, J = 8.0 Hz, H2,6 benzoyl), 7.87syn (d, J = 8.0 Hz, H2,6 phenyl-2-oxoethoxy), 7.94syn (d, J = 8.0 Hz, H2,6 benzoyl), 8.06anti (s, H4 chromene); 13C NMR (syn-isomer, 125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 24.0, 27.7, 32.6, 43.3, 56.0, 80.2, 110.4, 110.6, 113.6, 116.1, 118.7, 118.9, 119.9, 122.4, 124.5, 126.2, 127.2, 128.4, 129.2, 131.6, 140.1, 154.2, 161.2, 161.4, 192.1, 192.6; MS, m/z (%) 575 (M+, 8%), 557 (64), 542 (43), 410 (35), 264 (44), 239 (29), 119 (100); Anal. calcd for C35H29NO5S: C, 73.02 ; H, 5.08; N, 2.43. Found: C, 73.21; H, 5.12; N, 2.54.
3-(3-Methyl-2-(4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]thiazin-3-yl)-7-(2-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-2-oxoethoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (2u)
Yellow solid (576 mg, 82%); as mixture of diastereomers (anti/syn: 28/72); IR (KBr, cm-1) 3394 (NH), 1688 (C=O), 1320 (SO2), 1153 (SO2); 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.78syn (s, CH3 benzothiazine), 1.89anti (s, CH3 benzothiazine), 3.02anti (s, SO2-CH3 phenyl-2-oxoethoxy), 3.04anti (s, SO2-CH3 benzoyl), 3.09syn (s, SO2-CH3 phenyl-2-oxoethoxy), 3.12syn (s, SO2-CH3 benzoyl), 4.50anti (s, NH), 4.69syn (s, NH), 5.37syn (s, O-CH2), 5.41anti(s, O-CH2), 5.61anti (s, C-H benzothiazine), 5.95syn (s, C-H benzothiazine), 6.69anti (s, H8 chromene), 6.74syn (t, J = 7.5, H7 benzothiazine), 6.80anti (t, J = 7.5, H7 benzothiazine), 6.83syn (s, H8 chromene), 6.88-6.95syn (m, H6 chromene and H5,8 benzothiazine), 7.08anti (d, J = 8.0, H6 chromene), 7.11anti (t, J = 7.5, H6 benzothiazine), 7.13syn (t, J = 7.5 Hz, H6 benzothiazine), 7.36syn (d, J = 8.0, H5 chromene), 7.50anti (d, J = 8.0, H5 chromene), 7.59anti (d, J = 7.5 Hz, H8 benzothiazine), 7.74syn (s, H4 chromene), 7.82anti (d, J = 7.5 Hz, H5 benzothiazine), 7.94anti (s, H4 chromene), 8.04-8.19syn/anti (m, H2,3,5,6 phenyl-2-oxoethoxy and H2,3,5,6 benzoyl); 13C NMR (syn-isomer, 125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 24.5, 44.2, 44.3, 57.5, 65.5, 70.9, 101.0, 110.9, 113.0, 116.9, 119.4, 126.9, 127.4, 127.9, 128.1, 128.5, 129.1, 129.3, 129.8, 138.0, 139.6, 140.8, 141.0, 143.9, 145.1, 154.7, 160.4, 161.2, 190.6, 192.6; Anal. calcd for C35H29NO9S3: C, 59.73 ; H, 4.15; N, 1.99. Found: C, 59.59; H, 4.31; N, 2.30.
Pharmacology
Animals
Male NMRI mice weighing 20–30 g were used for studying in vivo antinociceptive activities of target compounds. Animals were maintained under standard conditions (24 ± 2°C, 60-70% humidity) and allowed food and water ad libitum. They were housed in appropriate cages with 12 h light/dark cycle. Before each experiment animals randomly selected and allocated into groups. The whole protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Pharmacy at Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
Formalin-induced pain test
All target compounds 2a-u were subjected for testing their analgesic activity using formalin paw test[25]. The compounds or standard drug mefenamic acid were administered i.p. (30 mg/kg, 0.2 mL/20 g body weight) as a suspension in saline and tween 80 (4% w/v). Each group of mice (n = 6 animals per group) were pretreated by test compounds, mefenamic acid or vehicle, 30 minutes before injection of formalin (20 μL, 0.5%, s.c.) into the planar surface of the right hind paw. The amount of time that the animal spent licking injected paw was measured during the first 10 minutes (phase 1, neurogenic) and 10–30 minutes (phase 2, inflammatory) after formalin injection.
Acetic acid-induced writhing test
The analgesic activity was also determined in vivo by the abdominal constriction test induced by acetic acid (0.6%; 0.1 mL/10 g) in mice[21]. An acetic acid solution was administered i.p. 30 minutes after administration of compounds or mefenamic acid. After the treatment, pairs of mice were placed in separate boxes and the numbers of constrictions of the abdominal muscles, together with stretching, were counted cumulatively over a period of 60 minutes. Antinociceptive activity was expressed as the percentage of inhibition of constrictions when compared with the vehicle control group.
Statistical analysis
The nociception data are expressed as means ± SEM. Variance analysis (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni’s test was used to compare means. P-values less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
Results and discussion
Chemistry
The dihydrobenzothiazole derivatives 1 were quantitatively obtained by reaction of 3-acetylcoumarins with 2-aminothiophenol derivatives in the presence of acetic acid under reflux condition or microwave irradiation[19, 20]. The intramolecular Mannich-type reaction of compounds 1 with different phenacyl halides in the present of KF/Al2O3 and catalyzing by quinine hydrochloride in ethanol afforded 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzothiazine derivatives 2a-r via a ring expansion. When 7-hydroxy-3-(benzothiazol-2-yl) coumarin derivative 1e was treated with 2.5 equivalents of phenacyl halides, without protection of hydroxyl group, O-phenacyl derivatives 2s-u was obtained in excellent yields (Scheme 1). The physicochemical and spectral data of new compounds 2e, 2j-o, and 2s-u are described in experimental section.
Biological activity
Formalin-induced nociception test
Antinociception activity of target compounds 2a-u and mefenamic acid (30 mg/kg, i.p.) assessed by formalin test in mice
Compounds | Phase 1 | Phase 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Licking timea | Inhibitionb(%) | Relative activityc | Licking time | Inhibition (%) | Relative activity | |
2a | 58 ± 3.46 | 48.10** | 0.54 | 37.33 ± 3.93 | 44.28** | 0.52 |
2b | 51.33 ± 2.96 | 54.06*** | 0.61 | 50.33 ± 4.91 | 24.88 | 0.29 |
2c | 68.33 ± 4.05 | 38.85** | 0.44 | 38 ± 1.73 | 43.28** | 0.51 |
2d | 55 ± 2.74 | 50.78*** | 0.57 | 57.33 ± 6.35 | 14.43 | 0.17 |
2e | 44 ± 2.89 | 60.63*** | 0.68 | 54 ± 4.93 | 19.40 | 0.23 |
2f | 60.33 ± 3.76 | 46.01** | 0.52 | 38.33 ± 4.63 | 42.79** | 0.50 |
2g | 56.66 ± 8.74 | 49.29** | 0.55 | 55.66 ± 3.92 | 16.92 | 0.20 |
2h | 70.25 ± 2.95 | 37.14** | 0.42 | 38 ± 1 | 43.28** | 0.51 |
2i | 51.33 ± 2.40 | 54.06*** | 0.61 | 37 ± 1.15 | 44.78** | 0.53 |
2j | 46.25 ± 2.56 | 58.61*** | 0.66 | 50.33 ± 0.33 | 24.88 | 0.29 |
2k | 51.66 ± 2.18 | 53.77*** | 0.60 | 51.66 ± 5.54 | 22.89 | 0.27 |
2l | 70 ± 11.13 | 37.36** | 0.42 | 37 ± 4.35 | 44.78** | 0.53 |
2m | 63.33 ± 8.21 | 43.33** | 0.49 | 18.33 ± 0.33 | 72.64*** | 0.85 |
2n | 69 ± 9.16 | 38.26** | 0.43 | 40.66 ± 1.20 | 39.30** | 0.46 |
2o | 53.8 ± 3.21 | 51.85** | 0.58 | 65 ± 6.41 | 2.98 | 0.03 |
2p | 53.9 ± 3.18 | 51.76** | 0.58 | 64.8 ± 4.19 | 3.28 | 0.04 |
2q | 61.33 ± 5.78 | 45.12** | 0.51 | 49.5 ± 2.02 | 26.12 | 0.31 |
2r | 94.4 ± 4.89 | 25.86** | 0.29 | 11 ± 1.7 | 93.64*** | 1.1 |
2s | 50 ± 3.22 | 33.33** | 0.37 | 5.2 ± 2.78 | 96.99*** | 1.14 |
2t | 46 ± 2.4 | 38.86** | 0.43 | 3 ± 1.04 | 98.26*** | 1.15 |
2u | 34.8 ± 2.65 | 53.6*** | 0.61 | 14.8 ± 1.92 | 91.44*** | 1.07 |
Control | 111.75 ± 6.94 | - | - | 67 ± 3.14 | - | - |
Mefenamic acid | 12.33 ± 3.93 | 88.96*** | 1 | 10 ± 2.52 | 85.07*** | 1 |
Acetic acid-induced writhing test
Antinociception activity of selected compounds in comparison with mefenamic acid (30 mg/kg, i.p.) assessed by acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice
Compound | Nociception (Mean ± SEM) | Inhibition (%)a | Relative activityb |
---|---|---|---|
2b | 0.6 ± 0.24*** | 99 | 1.4 |
2c | 38 ± 4.04*** | 49 | 0.7 |
2d | 9.6 ± 2.54*** | 87 | 1.3 |
2g | 3.5 ± 1.09*** | 96 | 1.37 |
2h | 3 ± 1.84*** | 97 | 1.38 |
2i | 4.6 ± 2*** | 94 | 1.34 |
2k | 20 ± 2.48*** | 73 | 1.04 |
2o | 6 ± 3.2*** | 92 | 1.31 |
2r | 29 ± 2.12*** | 63 | 0.9 |
2s | 14 ± 2.28*** | 80 | 1.14 |
2t | 30 ± 7.6*** | 60 | 0.85 |
2u | 2 ± 1.3*** | 98 | 1.4 |
Controlc | 75 ± 3.2 | ||
Mefnamic acid | 23 ± 1.3*** | 70 |
Significant protection against writhing was observed in animals treated with all test compounds where the mean numbers of writhes after 1 h were less than 38 compared to 75 in the control group. The percent of inhibition was in the range of 49-99%. All tested compounds were more effective than standard drug mefenamic acid with the exception of 2c, 2r and 2t. Compounds 2b and 2u with percent of inhibition ≥98% were the most effective compounds in acetic acid-induced writhing test. Moreover, compounds 2g-i and 2o exhibited high protection against writhing (percent of inhibition > 90%).
Structure– activity relationships
From the structure– activity relationships of unsubstituted coumarin series (compound 2a-m) based on the late stage of formalin-induced test, it was inferred that 3-thienylcarbonyl group is more favorable for activity. By comparing the activity of 7-substituted coumarin compounds 2r-u with those of other compounds it is appeared that the 7-hydroxy or 7-phenacyloxy groups dramatically increase the effectiveness of compounds and their ability to inhibit nociception associated with inflammatory response. On contrary, compounds 2r-u showed low level of inhibition at early phase of formalin test.
By comparing the percent of inhibition of 4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl derivatives 2d, 2r and 2u, it is revealed that the introduction of hydroxyl group on 7-position of coumarin ring diminished the antinociception activity, while the introduction of 4-(methylsulfonyl)phenacyloxy- group increased the activity as resulted from writhing test. In the 7-phenacyloxy-coumarin derivatives 2s-u, methylsulfonyl substituent was more favorable than bromo and methyl groups. The observed results of unsubstituted coumarin derivatives in Table 2 demonstrate that electron donating or bulky groups (for example, methoxy or phenyl, respectively) can increase antinociceptive activity in writhing test.
Conclusion
In summary, a series of 3-(3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]thiazin-3-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one derivatives 2a-u bearing different aroyl group on the 2-position of benzothiazine ring were described as potential analgesic agents. The antinociceptive properties of target compounds were determined by formalin-induced test and acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. The effect of substituent on aroyl moiety was explored by introduction of various electron withdrawing, electron donating or bulky groups. Surprisingly, compound 2u bearing 2-[4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl]- moiety on benzothiazine ring and 4-(methylsulfonyl)phenacyloxy- group on the 7 position of coumarin nucleus showed better profile of antinoceciption in both models. It was more effective than mefenamic acid during the late phase of formalin-induced test as well as in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. However, unsubstituted coumarin derivative 2b containing 4-methylbenzoyl moiety on benzothiazine ring, fully protected animals against writhing and was moderately able to inhibit the both phases of the formalin test. Considering the significant antinoceciptive action of phenacyloxycoumarin derivatives, compound 2u prototype might be further used as model to obtain new more potent analgesic drugs.
Declarations
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by grants from Research Council of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and INSF (Iran National Science Foundation).
Authors’ Affiliations
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